BALANCE BODY FLUIDS
FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE ON FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Factors that affect the body's fluid and electrolyte balance, among others:
Factors that affect the body's fluid and electrolyte balance, among others:
a. Age:
Fluid intake needs vary depending on age, because age will affect the surface area of the body, metabolism, and weight. Infant and children are more susceptible to interference than the fluid balance adulthood. In old age often occurs due to fluid balance disorders renal dysfunction or heart.
b. Climate:
People who live in areas that are hot (high temperature) and low air humidity has increased loss of body fluids and electrolytes through sweat. While someone who indulge in a hot environment can lose up to 5 liters of fluid per day.
c. Diet:
Diet seseorag effect on fluid intake and elktrolit. When inadequate nutrient intake, the body will burn fat protein and serum albumin and so will the protein reserves will decline even though both are indispensable in the process fluid balance so that it will lead to edema.
d.Stress:
Stress can increase cell metabolism, blood glucose, and the breakdown of muscle glykogen. Mrekanisme can increase sodium and water retention so that when prolonged exposure may increase the blood volume.
e. Pain Conditions:
Pain conditions greatly affect the condition of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance example:
- Trauma such as burns will increase water loss through IWL.
- Kidney disease and cardiovascular greatly affect regulatory processes
fluid and electrolyte balance of the body
- Patients with a decreased level of consciousness will be impaired intake fulfillment
fluid due to loss of the ability to fulfill them independently.
f. Medical Treatment:
Many medical procedures that affect the body's fluid and electrolyte balance such as: suction, nasogastric tube and others.
g. Treatment:
Treatments such as giving deuretik, laksative can affect the condition of the body fluids and electrolytes.
h.Pembedahan:
Patients with high-risk surgery impaired fluid and electrolyte balance of the body, due to blood loss during surgery.
CALCULATING FLUID
BALANCE
The data used 24 hours!
Fluid Balance Formula
Inteake / liquid entry = Output / liquid exit + IWL (insensible water loss)
Intake / Liquid Sign: start of infusion fluids, drinking, fluid content in the diet of patients, the volume of drugs, including injectable drugs, drugs in the drip, albumin etc.
Output / liquid out: urine within 24 hours, if the patient's catheter, then calculate the size in the urine bag, if not installed and the patient's family must accommodate their own urine, usually housed in a bottle of mineral water with a size of 1.5 liters.
IWL (insensible water loss (IWL): the amount of fluid discharge unconscious and difficult to quantify, namely the amount of sweat, breath vapor.
FORMULA IWL
IWL = (15 x BB)
24 hours
Ex: Tn.A BB 37⁰C 60kg with body temperature (normal temperature)
IWL = (15 x 60) = 37.5 cc / hour
24 hours
* When dlm 24 hours -> 37.5 x 24 = 900cc / 24 hours
Fluid Balance Formula
Inteake / liquid entry = Output / liquid exit + IWL (insensible water loss)
Intake / Liquid Sign: start of infusion fluids, drinking, fluid content in the diet of patients, the volume of drugs, including injectable drugs, drugs in the drip, albumin etc.
Output / liquid out: urine within 24 hours, if the patient's catheter, then calculate the size in the urine bag, if not installed and the patient's family must accommodate their own urine, usually housed in a bottle of mineral water with a size of 1.5 liters.
IWL (insensible water loss (IWL): the amount of fluid discharge unconscious and difficult to quantify, namely the amount of sweat, breath vapor.
FORMULA IWL
IWL = (15 x BB)
24 hours
Ex: Tn.A BB 37⁰C 60kg with body temperature (normal temperature)
IWL = (15 x 60) = 37.5 cc / hour
24 hours
* When dlm 24 hours -> 37.5 x 24 = 900cc / 24 hours
* Formula IWL Temperature Rise
[(10% x CM) x amount of temperature rise] + normal IWL
24 hours
Ex: BB Tn.A 60kg, temperature = 39⁰C, Fluids Sign = 200cc
IWL = [(10% x200) x (39⁰C-37⁰C)] + 37,5cc
24 hours
= (20 × 2) + 37,5cc
24
= 1.7 + 37.5 = 39cc / hour
[(10% x CM) x amount of temperature rise] + normal IWL
24 hours
Ex: BB Tn.A 60kg, temperature = 39⁰C, Fluids Sign = 200cc
IWL = [(10% x200) x (39⁰C-37⁰C)] + 37,5cc
24 hours
= (20 × 2) + 37,5cc
24
= 1.7 + 37.5 = 39cc / hour
* CM: Fluids Sign
Counting one's fluid balance must be considered a variety of factors, including Weight and Age, because the calculations between adult children with different ages.
Calculate the fluid balance which must be considered include fluid intake group and where the output of fluid. Based on excerpts from M. Iwasa Kogoshi S (1995) Fluid Therapy do (PT. Otsuka Indonesia) computation required per 24 hours instead of one work shift.
FLUID
BALANCE CALCULATION FOR ADULTS
Input fluid = Water (eat + drink) = ...... cc
Fluid Infusion = ...... cc
Therapy injection = ...... cc
Water Metabolism = ...... cc (Calculate AM = 5 cc / kg / day)
Output fluid: Urine = ...... cc
Faeces = ... ..cc (normally 1 CHAPTER stool = 100 cc)
Vomiting / bleeding
wound drainage fluid /
NGT fluid open = ... ..cc
IWL = ... ..cc (IWL count = 15 cc / kg / day)
(Insensible water loss)
Sample Case:
Mr. Y (35 years), weight 60 kg; treated with laparotomy second day post op ..akibat perforated appendix, general condition is still weak, awareness composmentis..Vital sign BP: 110/70 mmHg; HR 88 x / minute; RR 20 / min, T 37 ° C: still fasted, currently attached NGT open greenish-yellow liquid as much as 200 cc; in the area of wound drainage installed operating incici red as much as 100 cc, 5% Dextrose Infusion drip attached Antrain 1 ampoule / kolf: 2000 cc / 24 hrs., urinary catheter attached to the amount of urine 1700 cc, and received transfusions WB 300 cc; received antibiotics Cefat 2 x 1 g NaCl which didripkan in 50 cc each time administration, fluid balance Calculate Mr. Y!
Fluid Input:
Infusion = 2000 ccMr. Y (35 years), weight 60 kg; treated with laparotomy second day post op ..akibat perforated appendix, general condition is still weak, awareness composmentis..Vital sign BP: 110/70 mmHg; HR 88 x / minute; RR 20 / min, T 37 ° C: still fasted, currently attached NGT open greenish-yellow liquid as much as 200 cc; in the area of wound drainage installed operating incici red as much as 100 cc, 5% Dextrose Infusion drip attached Antrain 1 ampoule / kolf: 2000 cc / 24 hrs., urinary catheter attached to the amount of urine 1700 cc, and received transfusions WB 300 cc; received antibiotics Cefat 2 x 1 g NaCl which didripkan in 50 cc each time administration, fluid balance Calculate Mr. Y!
Fluid Input:
Transfusion WB = 300 cc
Drug injection = 100 cc
water Metabolism = 300 cc = (5 cc x 60 kg) +
= 2700 cc
Output liquid:
Drug injection = 100 cc
water Metabolism = 300 cc = (5 cc x 60 kg) +
= 2700 cc
Output liquid:
Drainage =
100 cc
NGT = 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 900 cc = (15 cc x 60 kg) +
= 2900 cc
NGT = 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 900 cc = (15 cc x 60 kg) +
= 2900 cc
So Mr. Y fluid balance within 24 hours: Intake of fluid - fluid output
2700 cc - 2900 cc = ( - 200 cc )
What if there is increase in temperature? then to calculate the output especially IWL use the formula:
IWL + 200 (high temperature - 36.8. ° C), the value of 36.8 ° C is a constant
Suppose the temperature of Mr. Y is 38.5 ° C, what is the liquid Balance?
mean value of IWL Mr. Y = 900 + 200 (38.5 ° C - 36.8. ° C)
= 900 + 200 (1.7)
= 900 + 340 cc
= 1240 cc
Enter a value IWL high temperature conditions in the sum Output groups:
Drainage = 100 cc
NGT = 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 1240 cc (+)
3240 cc
So Balance liquid in febrile temperature conditions on Mr. Y is: 2700 cc - 3240 cc = -540 cc
Calculate the fluid balance
dependent children age stage, to determine the
Water Metabolism, according Iwasa M,
Kogoshi S in
Fluid Tehrapy Bunko
do (1995) from
PT. Otsuka Indonesia,
namely:
Age Toddlers (1-3 years): 8 cc / kg / day
Age 5-7 years: 8 to 8.5 cc / kg / day
Age 7-11 years: 6-7 cc / kg / day
Age 12-14 years: 5-6 cc / kg / day
To IWL (insensible water loss) in children = (30 - age in years) x cc / kg / day
If the child wet the bed count of 0.5 cc of urine - 1 cc / kg / day
Age Toddlers (1-3 years): 8 cc / kg / day
Age 5-7 years: 8 to 8.5 cc / kg / day
Age 7-11 years: 6-7 cc / kg / day
Age 12-14 years: 5-6 cc / kg / day
To IWL (insensible water loss) in children = (30 - age in years) x cc / kg / day
If the child wet the bed count of 0.5 cc of urine - 1 cc / kg / day
EXAMPLE:
An X (3 years) BB 14 Kg, the second day was treated with DHF, complaints of patients according to his mother: "fuss, no appetite; lazy drink, his body was still warm; last night gums bleed "Based on the data obtained physical examination: general condition looks weak, awareness composmentis, TTV: HR 100 / min; T 37.3 ° C; petechie in both legs, Eating / 24 hours only 6 tablespoons, Drink / 24 hours 1000cc; pee / 24 hours: 1000 cc, 1000 cc gets Asering Infusion / 24 hours. Results of laboratory tests last Tr: 50,000. Calculate the fluid balance of this child!
Input fluids:
An X (3 years) BB 14 Kg, the second day was treated with DHF, complaints of patients according to his mother: "fuss, no appetite; lazy drink, his body was still warm; last night gums bleed "Based on the data obtained physical examination: general condition looks weak, awareness composmentis, TTV: HR 100 / min; T 37.3 ° C; petechie in both legs, Eating / 24 hours only 6 tablespoons, Drink / 24 hours 1000cc; pee / 24 hours: 1000 cc, 1000 cc gets Asering Infusion / 24 hours. Results of laboratory tests last Tr: 50,000. Calculate the fluid balance of this child!
Input fluids:
Drink =
1000 cc
Infusion = 1000 cc
water Metabolism = 112 cc = (8 cc x 14 kg) (+)
2112 cc
water Metabolism = 112 cc = (8 cc x 14 kg) (+)
2112 cc
Out
put liquids:
Vomiting = 100 cc
Urine = 1000 cc
IWL = 378 cc = (30-3 years) x 14
kg (+)
1478 cc
Balance liquid fluid = Intake - Fluid Output
2112 cc - 1478 cc
+ 634 cc
Now calculate the fluid balance if the temperature of 39.8 ° C An x!
to note is counting IWL on temperature rise using the formula:
IWL + 200 (High Temperature - 36.8 ° C) 36.8 ° C is a constant.
IWL An X = 378 + 200 (39.8 ° C - 36.8 ° C)
378 + 200 (3)
378 + 600
978 cc
Then the output of fluid An X :
Vomiting = 100 cc
Urine = 1000 cc
IWL =
978 cc (+)
2078
cc
So Balance liquid = 2112 cc - 2078 cc
= + 34 cc
So Balance liquid = 2112 cc - 2078 cc
= + 34 cc
interference problems body fluid and
electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balance disorders of the body
1. Dehydration
2. hypovolemic shock
Electrolyte Balance Disorders
Fluid and electrolyte balance disorders of the body
1. Dehydration
2. hypovolemic shock
Electrolyte Balance Disorders
1. Hyponatremia
Definition: Na + serum levels below normal (<>
Causa: CHF, renal disorders and nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease
Signs and symptoms:
Definition: Na + serum levels below normal (<>
Causa: CHF, renal disorders and nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease
Signs and symptoms:
If the plasma Na dropped 10 mEq / L
in a few hours, the patient may be nausea, vomiting, headaches and muscle
cramps.
ü If the plasma Na dropped 10 mEq / L
in one hour, can occur severe headache, lethargy, convulsions, disorientation
and coma.
ü Perhaps the patient has signs of
underlying disease (such as heart failure, Addison's disease).
ü If hyponatraemia secondary to fluid
loss, there may be signs of shock such as hypotension and tachycardia.
2. Hypernatremia
Definition: serum Na + above normal (> 145 mEq / L)
Causa: Loss of Na + through the kidneys for example on diuretic therapy, osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus, acute tubular sekrosis, post-obstructive uropathy, nephropathy hiperkalsemik; or because hyperalimentation and other hypertonic fluid administration.
Signs and symptoms: muscle irritability, confusion, ataxia, tremors, convulsions and coma secondary to hypernatremia.
Definition: serum Na + above normal (> 145 mEq / L)
Causa: Loss of Na + through the kidneys for example on diuretic therapy, osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus, acute tubular sekrosis, post-obstructive uropathy, nephropathy hiperkalsemik; or because hyperalimentation and other hypertonic fluid administration.
Signs and symptoms: muscle irritability, confusion, ataxia, tremors, convulsions and coma secondary to hypernatremia.
3. Hypokalemia
Definition: K + serum levels below normal (<>
Etiology
Definition: K + serum levels below normal (<>
Etiology
- Loss of K + through the gastrointestinal tract (eg vomiting, nasogastric suction, diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, laxative abuse)
- Diuretics
- Intake K + were not enough of a diet
- excessive excretion through the kidneys
- Maldistribusi K +
- Hiperaldosteron
Signs and Symptoms: Weak (especially the proximal muscles), may areflexia,
orthostatic hypotension, decreased gastrointestinal motility which cause ileus.
Myocardial hyperpolarization occurs in hypokalemia and can cause ventricular
ectopic beats, reentry phenomena, and conduction abnormalities. ECG often shows
flat T wave, U wave and ST segment depression.
4. Hyperkalemia
Definition: K + serum levels above normal (> 5.5 mEq / L)
Etiology:
Definition: K + serum levels above normal (> 5.5 mEq / L)
Etiology:
- Inadequate renal excretion; eg in acute or chronic renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors.
- potassium load of massive cell necrosis caused by trauma (crush injuries), major surgery, burns, acute arterial embolism, hemolysis, gastrointestinal bleeding or rhabdomyolysis. Exogenous sources include potassium supplementation and salt substitutes, blood transfusion and high-dose penicillin should also be considered.
- Switching from intra to extracellular; for example in acidosis, digitizing, deficiency of insulin or rapid increase in blood osmolality.
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Pseudohiperkalemia. Hemolysis secondary to blood samples or installation tourniquets too long
- Hipoaldosteron
Signs and Symptoms: The most important effects are changes in cardiac
excitability. ECG showed sequential changes along with the elevation of serum
potassium. At the beginning, the T wave looks pointy (K +> 6.5 mEq / L). This
is followed by elongated PR interval, P wave amplitude decreases, widened QRS
complex (K + = 7 to 8 mEq / L). Finally, elongated QT interval and lead to a
sine-wave pattern. Ventricular fibrillation and asistole tends to occur in K
+> 10 mEq / L. Other findings include paresthesias, weakness, areflexia and
ascending paralysis.
Troubleshooting Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Troubleshooting Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
FLUID THERAPY
Definition
Fluid therapy is action to maintain, replace the interior milieu within physiologic limits.
Indications, among others:
Definition
Fluid therapy is action to maintain, replace the interior milieu within physiologic limits.
Indications, among others:
- Loss of body fluids acute
- Blood loss
- Anorexia
- Gastrointestinal Disorders
IN
INDONESIAN
KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH
Faktor yang
Berpengaruh pada Keseimbangan Cairan dan Elektrolit
Faktor-faktor
yang berpengaruh pada keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh antara lain :
a. Umur :
Kebutuhan intake cairan bervariasi
tergantung dari usia, karena usia akan berpengaruh pada luas permukaan tubuh,
metabolisme, dan berat badan. Infant dan anak-anak lebih mudah mengalami
gangguan keseimbangan cairan dibanding usia dewasa. Pada usia lanjut sering
terjadi gangguan keseimbangan cairan dikarenakan gangguan fungsi ginjal atau
jantung.
b. Iklim :
Orang yang tinggal di daerah yang panas (suhu tinggi) dan kelembaban udaranya rendah memiliki peningkatan kehilangan cairan tubuh dan elektrolit melalui keringat. Sedangkan seseorang yang beraktifitas di lingkungan yang panas dapat kehilangan cairan sampai dengan 5 L per hari.
Orang yang tinggal di daerah yang panas (suhu tinggi) dan kelembaban udaranya rendah memiliki peningkatan kehilangan cairan tubuh dan elektrolit melalui keringat. Sedangkan seseorang yang beraktifitas di lingkungan yang panas dapat kehilangan cairan sampai dengan 5 L per hari.
c. Diet :
Diet seseorag berpengaruh terhadap intake cairan dan elktrolit. Ketika intake nutrisi tidak adekuat maka tubuh akan membakar protein dan lemak sehingga akan serum albumin dan cadangan protein akan menurun padahal keduanya sangat diperlukan dalam proses keseimbangan cairan sehingga hal ini akan menyebabkan edema.
Diet seseorag berpengaruh terhadap intake cairan dan elktrolit. Ketika intake nutrisi tidak adekuat maka tubuh akan membakar protein dan lemak sehingga akan serum albumin dan cadangan protein akan menurun padahal keduanya sangat diperlukan dalam proses keseimbangan cairan sehingga hal ini akan menyebabkan edema.
d. Stress :
Stress dapat meningkatkan metabolisme sel, glukosa darah, dan pemecahan glykogen otot. Mrekanisme ini dapat meningkatkan natrium dan retensi air sehingga bila berkepanjangan dapat meningkatkan volume darah.
Stress dapat meningkatkan metabolisme sel, glukosa darah, dan pemecahan glykogen otot. Mrekanisme ini dapat meningkatkan natrium dan retensi air sehingga bila berkepanjangan dapat meningkatkan volume darah.
e. Kondisi Sakit :
Kondisi sakit sangat b3erpengaruh terhadap kondisi keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh Misalnya :
- Trauma seperti luka bakar akan meningkatkan kehilangan air melalui IWL.
- Penyakit ginjal dan kardiovaskuler sangat mempengaruhi proses regulator
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh
- Pasien dengan penurunan tingkat kesadaran akan mengalami gangguan pemenuhan intake
cairan karena kehilangan kemampuan untuk memenuhinya secara mandiri.
Kondisi sakit sangat b3erpengaruh terhadap kondisi keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh Misalnya :
- Trauma seperti luka bakar akan meningkatkan kehilangan air melalui IWL.
- Penyakit ginjal dan kardiovaskuler sangat mempengaruhi proses regulator
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh
- Pasien dengan penurunan tingkat kesadaran akan mengalami gangguan pemenuhan intake
cairan karena kehilangan kemampuan untuk memenuhinya secara mandiri.
f. Tindakan Medis :
Banyak tindakan medis yang berpengaruh pada keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh seperti : suction, nasogastric tube dan lain-lain.
Banyak tindakan medis yang berpengaruh pada keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh seperti : suction, nasogastric tube dan lain-lain.
g. Pengobatgan :
Pengobatan seperti pemberian deuretik, laksative dapat berpengaruh pada kondisi cairan dan elektrolit tubuh.
Pengobatan seperti pemberian deuretik, laksative dapat berpengaruh pada kondisi cairan dan elektrolit tubuh.
h. Pembedahan :
Pasien dengan tindakan pembedahan memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh, dikarenakan kehilangan darah selama pembedahan.
Pasien dengan tindakan pembedahan memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh, dikarenakan kehilangan darah selama pembedahan.
Data 24 jam
yang dipakai!
Rumus
Balance Cairan
Inteake /
cairan masuk = Output / cairan keluar + IWL (Insensible Water Loss)
Intake / Cairan Masuk : mulai dari cairan infus, minum, kandungan cairan dalam makanan pasien, volume obat-obatan, termasuk obat suntik, obat yang di drip, albumin dll.
Intake / Cairan Masuk : mulai dari cairan infus, minum, kandungan cairan dalam makanan pasien, volume obat-obatan, termasuk obat suntik, obat yang di drip, albumin dll.
Output /
Cairan keluar : urine
dalam 24 jam, jika pasien dipasang kateter maka hitung dalam ukuran di urobag,
jka tidak terpasang maka pasien harus menampung urinenya sendiri, biasanya
ditampung di botol air mineral dengan ukuran 1,5 liter, kemudian feses.
IWL
(insensible water loss(IWL) : jumlah cairan keluarnya tidak disadari dan sulit diitung, yaitu jumlah
keringat, uap hawa nafa.
RUMUS IWL
IWL = (15
x BB )
24 jam
Cth:
Tn.A BB 60kg dengan suhu tubuh 37⁰C (suhu normal)
IWL = (15
x 60 ) = 37,5 cc/jam
24 jam
*Bila
dlm 24 jam —-> 37,5 x 24 = 900cc/24 jam
*Rumus IWL
Kenaikan Suhu
[(10%
x CM)x jumlah kenaikan suhu] + IWL normal
24 jam
Cth:
Tn.A BB 60kg, suhu= 39⁰C, CM= 200cc
IWL = [(10%x200)x(39⁰C-37⁰C)] + 37,5cc
24 jam
= (20×2) + 37,5cc
24
= 1,7 + 37,5
= 39cc/jam
*CM : Cairan
Masuk
Menghitung
balance cairan seseorang harus diperhatikan berbagai faktor, diantaranya Berat
Badan dan Umur..karena penghitungannya antara usia anak dengan dewasa berbeda.
Menghitung balance cairanpun harus diperhatikan mana yang termasuk kelompok Intake cairan dan mana yang output cairan. Berdasarkan kutipan dari Iwasa M. Kogoshi S (1995) Fluid Therapy do (PT. Otsuka Indonesia) penghitungan wajib per 24 jam bukan pershift.
Menghitung balance cairanpun harus diperhatikan mana yang termasuk kelompok Intake cairan dan mana yang output cairan. Berdasarkan kutipan dari Iwasa M. Kogoshi S (1995) Fluid Therapy do (PT. Otsuka Indonesia) penghitungan wajib per 24 jam bukan pershift.
PENGHITUNGAN
BALANCE CAIRAN UNTUK DEWASA
Input cairan: Air (makan+Minum) = ……cc
Cairan Infus = ……cc
Therapi injeksi = ……cc
Air Metabolisme = ……cc (Hitung AM= 5 cc/kgBB/hari)
Input cairan: Air (makan+Minum) = ……cc
Cairan Infus = ……cc
Therapi injeksi = ……cc
Air Metabolisme = ……cc (Hitung AM= 5 cc/kgBB/hari)
Output
cairan:
Urine
= ……cc
Feses = …..cc (kondisi normal 1 BAB feses = 100 cc)
Muntah/perdarahan
cairan drainage luka/
cairan NGT terbuka = …..cc
IWL = …..cc (hitung IWL= 15 cc/kgBB/hari)
(Insensible Water Loss)
Feses = …..cc (kondisi normal 1 BAB feses = 100 cc)
Muntah/perdarahan
cairan drainage luka/
cairan NGT terbuka = …..cc
IWL = …..cc (hitung IWL= 15 cc/kgBB/hari)
(Insensible Water Loss)
Contoh
Kasus:
Tn Y
(35 tahun) , BB 60 Kg; dirawat dengan post op Laparatomi hari kedua..akibat
appendix perforasi, Keadaan umum masih lemah, kesadaran composmentis..Vital
sign TD: 110/70 mmHg; HR 88 x/menit; RR 20 x/menit, T 37 °C: masih dipuasakan,
saat ini terpasang NGT terbuka cairan berwarna kuning kehijauan sebanyak 200
cc; pada daerah luka incici operasi terpasang drainage berwarna merah sebanyak
100 cc, Infus terpasang Dextrose 5% drip Antrain 1 ampul /kolf : 2000 cc/24
jam., terpasang catheter urine dengan jumlah urine 1700 cc, dan mendapat
tranfusi WB 300 cc; mendapat antibiotik Cefat 2 x 1 gram yg didripkan
dalam NaCl 50 cc setiap kali pemberian, Hitung balance cairan Tn Y!
Input
Cairan:
Infus = 2000
cc
Tranfusi WB
= 300 cc
Obat injeksi
= 100 cc
AM
= 300 cc (5 cc x 60 kg) +
———————————————
2700 cc
Output
cairan: Drainage
= 100 cc
NGT
= 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 900 cc (15 cc x 60 kg) +
———————————————-
2900 cc
Jadi Balance cairan Tn Y dalam 24 jam : Intake cairan – output cairan
2700 cc – 2900 cc
= (-) 200 cc.
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 900 cc (15 cc x 60 kg) +
———————————————-
2900 cc
Jadi Balance cairan Tn Y dalam 24 jam : Intake cairan – output cairan
2700 cc – 2900 cc
= (-) 200 cc.
Bagaimana
jika ada kenaikan suhu? maka untuk menghitung output terutama IWL gunakan rumus
:
IWL + 200 (suhu tinggi – 36,8 .°C), nilai 36,8 °C adalah konstanta
Andaikan suhu Tn Y adalah 38,5 °C, berapakah Balance cairannya?
IWL + 200 (suhu tinggi – 36,8 .°C), nilai 36,8 °C adalah konstanta
Andaikan suhu Tn Y adalah 38,5 °C, berapakah Balance cairannya?
berarti
nilai IWl Tn Y= 900 + 200 (38,5 °C – 36,8 .°C)
= 900 + 200 (1,7)
= 900 + 340 cc
= 1240 cc
Masukkan nilai IWL kondisi suhu tinggi dalam penjumlahan kelompok Output :
Drainage = 100 cc
NGT = 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 1240 cc +
————————–
3240 cc
Jadi Balance cairannya dalam kondisi suhu febris pada Tn Y adalah : 2700 cc – 3240 cc = (-)540 cc
= 900 + 200 (1,7)
= 900 + 340 cc
= 1240 cc
Masukkan nilai IWL kondisi suhu tinggi dalam penjumlahan kelompok Output :
Drainage = 100 cc
NGT = 200 cc
Urine = 1700 cc
IWL = 1240 cc +
————————–
3240 cc
Jadi Balance cairannya dalam kondisi suhu febris pada Tn Y adalah : 2700 cc – 3240 cc = (-)540 cc
Menghitung
Balance cairan anak tergantung tahap umur, untuk menentukan Air
Metabolisme, menurut Iwasa M, Kogoshi S dalam Fluid Tehrapy Bunko do
(1995) dari PT. Otsuka Indonesia yaitu:
Usia Balita
(1 – 3 tahun) : 8 cc/kgBB/hari
Usia 5 – 7
tahun
: 8 – 8,5 cc/kgBB/hari
Usia 7 – 11
tahun
: 6 – 7 cc/kgBB/hari
Usia 12 – 14
tahun
: 5 – 6 cc/kgBB/hari
Untuk IWL
(Insensible Water Loss) pada anak = (30 – usia anak dalam tahun) x
cc/kgBB/hari
Jika
anak mengompol menghitung urine 0,5 cc – 1 cc/kgBB/hari
CONTOH :
An X (3
tahun) BB 14 Kg, dirawata hari ke dua dengan DBD, keluhan pasien menurut
ibunya: “rewel, tidak nafsu makan; malas minum, badannya masih hangat; gusinya
tadi malam berdarah” Berdasarkan pemeriksaan fisik didapat data: Keadaan umum
terlihat lemah, kesadaran composmentis, TTV: HR 100 x/menit; T 37,3 °C;
petechie di kedua tungkai kaki, Makan /24 jam hanya 6 sendok makan, Minum/24
jam 1000 cc; BAK/24 jam : 1000 cc, mendapat Infus Asering 1000 cc/24 jam. Hasil
pemeriksaan lab Tr terakhir: 50.000. Hitunglah balance cairan anak ini!
Input
cairan: Minum : 1000
cc
Infus : 1000
cc
AM
: 112 cc + (8 cc x 14 kg)
————————-
2112 cc
Out put cairan: Muntah
: 100 cc
Urin : 1000 cc
IWL :
378 cc + (30-3 tahun) x 14 kg
—————————–
1478 cc
Balance
cairan = Intake cairan – Output Cairam
2112 cc – 1478 cc
+ 634 cc
Sekarang
hitung balance cairannya jika suhu An x 39,8 °C !
yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah penghitungan IWL pada kenaikan suhu gunakan rumus:
IWL + 200 (
Suhu Tinggi – 36,8 °C) 36,8 °C adalah konstanta.
IWL An
X = 378 + 200 (39,8 °C – 36,8 °C)
378 + 200 (3)
378 + 600
978 cc
Maka output
cairan An X = Muntah =
100 cc
Urin = 1000 cc
IWL = 978 cc +
————————-
2078 cc
Jadi Balance
cairannya = 2112 cc – 2078 cc
(+) 34 cc.
masalah
gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tubuh
Gangguan
Keseimbangan Cairan dan eletrolit tubuh
1.
Dehidrasi
2.
Syok hipovolemik
Gangguan
Keseimbangan Elektrolit
a. Hiponatremia
Definisi : kadar Na+ serum di bawah
normal (<>
Causa : CHF, gangguan ginjal dan
sindroma nefrotik, hipotiroid, penyakit Addison
Tanda dan Gejala :
- Jika Na plasma turun 10 mEq/L dalam beberapa jam, pasien mungkin mual, muntah, sakit kepala dan keram otot.
- Jika Na plasma turun 10 mEq/L dalam satu jam, bisa terjadi sakit kepala hebat, letargi, kejang, disorientasi dan koma.
- Mungkin pasien memiliki tanda-tanda penyakit dasar (seperti gagal jantung, penyakit Addison).
- Jika hiponatremia terjadi sekunder akibat kehilangan cairan, mungkin ada tanda-tanda syok seperti hipotensi dan takikardi.
b. Hipernatremia
Definisi : Na+ serum di atas normal
(>145 mEq/L)
Causa : Kehilangan Na+ melalui
ginjal misalnya pada terapi diuretik, diuresis osmotik, diabetes insipidus,
sekrosis tubulus akut, uropati pasca obstruksi, nefropati hiperkalsemik; atau
karena hiperalimentasi dan pemberian cairan hipertonik lain.
Tanda dan Gejala : iritabilitas
otot, bingung, ataksia, tremor, kejang dan koma yang sekunder terhadap
hipernatremia.
c. Hipokalemia
Definisi : kadar K+ serum di bawah
normal (<>
Etiologi
- Kehilangan K+ melalui saluran cerna (misalnya pada muntah-muntah, sedot nasogastrik, diare, sindrom malabsorpsi, penyalahgunaan pencahar)
- Diuretik
- Asupan K+ yang tidak cukup dari diet
- Ekskresi berlebihan melalui ginjal
- Maldistribusi K+
- Hiperaldosteron
Tanda dan Gejala : Lemah (terutama
otot-otot proksimal), mungkin arefleksia, hipotensi ortostatik, penurunan
motilitas saluran cerna yang menyebabkan ileus. Hiperpolarisasi myokard terjadi
pada hipokalemia dan dapat menyebabkan denyut ektopik ventrikel, reentry
phenomena, dan kelainan konduksi. EKG sering memperlihatkan gelombang T datar,
gelombang U, dan depresi segmen ST.
d. Hiperkalemia
Definisi : kadar K+ serum di atas
normal (> 5,5 mEq/L)
Etiologi :
ü Ekskresi renal tidak adekuat;
misalnya pada gagal ginjal akut atau kronik, diuretik hemat kalium, penghambat
ACE.
ü beban kalium dari nekrosis sel yang
masif yang disebabkan trauma (crush injuries), pembedahan mayor, luka bakar,
emboli arteri akut, hemolisis, perdarahan saluran cerna atau rhabdomyolisis.
Sumber eksogen meliputi suplementasi kalium dan pengganti garam, transfusi
darah dan penisilin dosis tinggi juga harus dipikirkan.
ü Perpindahan dari intra ke
ekstraseluler; misalnya pada asidosis, digitalisasi, defisiensi insulin atau
peningkatan cepat dari osmolalitas darah.
ü Insufisiensi adrenal
ü Pseudohiperkalemia. Sekunder terhadap
hemolisis sampel darah atau pemasangan torniket terlalu lama
ü Hipoaldosteron
Tanda dan Gejala : Efek terpenting adalah perubahan
eksitabilitas jantung. EKG memperlihatkan perubahan-perubahan sekuensial
seiring dengan peninggian kalium serum. Pada permulaan, terlihat gelombang T
runcing (K+ > 6,5 mEq/L). Ini disusul dengan interval PR memanjang,
amplitudo gelombang P mengecil, kompleks QRS melebar (K+ = 7 sampai 8 mEq/L).
Akhirnya interval QT memanjang dan menjurus ke pola sine-wave. Fibrilasi ventrikel
dan asistole cenderung terjadi pada K+ > 10 mEq/L. Temuan-temuan lain
meliputi parestesi, kelemahan, arefleksia dan paralisis ascenden.
PENANGANAN GANGGUAN KESEIMBANGAN
CAIRAN DAN ELEKTROLIT
TERAPI
CAIRAN
Definisi
Terapi
cairan adalah tindakan untuk memelihara, mengganti milieu interiur dalam
batas-batas fisiologis.
Indikasi,
antara lain:
- Kehilangan cairan tubuh akut
- Kehilangan darah
- Anoreksia
- Kelainan saluran cerna
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